![]() While orthologs of myogenic regulatory factors such as MyoD have yet to be found in cnidarian genomes, striated muscle formation potentially involves well-conserved myogenic genes, such as twist and mef2. Current knowledge of cnidarian muscle development and its regeneration is limited. Smooth epithelial muscle is thought to be the most common type, and is inferred to be the ancestral muscle type for Cnidaria, while striated muscle fibers and non-epithelial myocytes would have been convergently acquired within Cnidaria. ![]() This variety is reflected in the large diversity of muscle organizations found in Cnidaria. Cnidarian muscles are involved in various activities, such as feeding, escape, locomotion and defense, in close association with the nervous system. ![]() Here, we review current knowledge on muscle function, diversity, development, regeneration and evolution in cnidarians. As the sister group to bilaterians, cnidarians (sea anemones, corals, jellyfish, and hydroids) hold an informative phylogenetic position for understanding muscle evolution. ![]() The ability to perform muscle contractions is one of the most important and distinctive features of eumetazoans. 2Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), Nice, France.1Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Villefranche-sur-mer, France. ![]()
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